خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب Typology of Corruption Risks in Commodity Trading Transactions – Original PDF

The next four sections of this paper analyse the risks at each of these four steps in detail. Prior to that, this section analyses more corruption risks arising across these four steps (Box 1.1). They primarily refer to the opacity of ownership and governance structures of key actors involved in commodity trading (including the use of corporate vehicles, the concealment of beneficial owners, and the involvement of PEPs), as well as a lack of or insufficient corporate due-diligence on behalf of commodity trading companies.