خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب Psychiatric mental health nursing by Karyn I. Morgan, Mary C. – + PDF

CORE CONCEPT Stressor A biological, psychological, social, or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may contribute to the development of certain illnesses. Stress as a Biological Response In 1956, Hans Selye published the results of his research on the physiological response of a biological system to an imposed change on the system. Since his initial publication, his definition of stress has evolved to “the state manifested by a specific syndrome which consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes within a biologic system” (Selye, 1976). This combination of symptoms has come to be known as the fight-or- flight syndrome. Schematics of these biological responses, both initially and with sustained stress, are presented in Figures 1–1 and 1–2. Selye called this phenomenon the general adaptation syndrome. He described three distinct stages of the reaction: 1. Alarm reaction stage: During this stage, the physiological responses of the fight-or-flight syndrome are initiated. 2. Stage of resistance: The individual uses the physiological responses of the first stage as a defense in the attempt to adapt to the stressor. If adaptation occurs, the third stage is prevented or delayed. Physiological symptoms may disappear. 3. Stage of exhaustion: This stage occurs when the body responds to prolonged exposure to a stressor. The adaptive energy is depleted, and the individual can no longer draw from the resources for adaptation described in the first two stages. Diseases of adaptation (e.g., headaches, mental disorders, coronary artery disease, ulcers, colitis) may occur. Without intervention for reversal, exhaustion, and in some cases even death, ensues (Selye, 1956, 1974).