خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب International Labour Mobility How Remittances Shape the Labour Migration Model – Original PDF

emittances were considered current transfers made by migrant residents employed in a foreign country (IMF, 2004), but since 2009 (IMF, 2009), the notion of personal transfers replaces the element of remittances of workers. Unlike remittances, personal transfers are independent of the income source of the transmitting household, of the relationship between households and of the purpose of the transfer, even if it is recognized that personal transfers are usually intended to support relatives in the country of origin of migrants. According to Fig. 2.1, remittances have the following components: Personal remittances Personal transfers Employee compensat iion Capital transfers between households – Personal transfers are all current transfers made or received by resi- dent households to or from non-resident households (IMF, 2009). Thus, personal transfers include all current transfers which take place between resident and non-resident individuals. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 V. Vasile et al., International Labour Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18683-7_2 6 Personal transfers Employees compensation Capital transfers between households Personal remittances Social benefits Total remittances Capital transfers to non-profit institutions serving households Current transfers to non-profit institutions serving households Total remittances and transfers to non-profit institutions serving households Fig. 2.1 International Monetary Fund presentation of the definition of remit- tances. Source: Based on (IMF, 2009) – Employee compensation refers to the income of frontier, seasonal and other short-term workers who are employed in a non-resident economy and of residents employed by non-resident entities (IMF, 2009). – Capital transfers between households reflect the amount of wealth held by migrants when they change their place of residence from one state to another, thus leading to a change in the assets/liabilities of both countries. Total remittances Personal remittances Social benefits – Social benefits1 include social security and social assistance benefits. These are current transfers received by migrant households meant to 1 EU law stipulates equal rights for EU migrants in relation to natives in terms of social benefits. In order to benefit from the social benefits offered by EU countries, an EU migrant must be employed, a student or actively looking for a job. In addition, the following factors are taken into account: length of stay; source of income in the case of students; marital status; at the same time, the migrant must demonstrate a degree of attachment to the country of destination.