خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب Financial Innovations and Monetary Reform – Original PDF

ey and Accounting Are Closely Linked Exchanges are recognized by recording them in files, usually books called “ac- counting journals.” When the receivables and payables resulting from these exchanges appear on the financial statements, they are transformed by the fact that they become a balance in the books and thus are endowed with legal protection allowing them to be recovered or the obligation to pay them. These claims and their counterparts, debts, become “money” if they are exchangeable. Moreover, because a unit is nominally associated with a number in accounting, and because the number called “nominal” is inherently universal (receivables and payables are expressed in units that become “money”), the accounting standards used to define what is a receivable and what is a payable can strongly influence how we view “money.” 2.1.1 Financial Statements: Defining the Real World and the Financial Universe In an organized society such as the one in which we live, it is important, in order to know the economic world around us and with which we interact, that statistics classify financial transactions according to their economic nature and the resulting claims according to their legal nature and the rights associated with them. Long after World War II, most of the centers responsible for collecting and processing statistical data adopted more or less the same classification scheme. All economic agents, except individuals, who are called “households” in statistical language, used these models for classifying economic agents and transactions made for the preparation of financial statements that are used to recognize the ownership of assets and the liabilities owed or potentially owed (e.g., pensions).