خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب Encyclopedia of the History of Psychological Theories – Original PDF

SerieS Preface xii simple story highlights the importance of theory as the precursor to any effective intervention—and hence to a favorable outcome. Without a guiding theory, a psychotherapist might treat the symptom without understanding the role of the individual. Or we might create power conflicts with our clients and not understand that, at times, indirect means of helping (sunshine) are often as effective—if not more so—than direct ones (wind). In the absence of theory, a psychotherapist might lose track of the treatment rationale and instead get caught up in, for example, social correctness and not wanting to do something that looks too simple. What exactly is theory? The APA Dictionary of Psychology, Second Edition, defines theory as “a principle or body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena” (VandenBos, 2015, p. 1081). In psychotherapy, a theory is a set of prin- ciples used to explain human thought and behavior, including what causes people to change. In practice, a theory frames the goals of therapy and specifies how to pursue them. Haley (1997) noted that a theory of psycho- therapy ought to be simple enough for the average psychotherapist to understand but comprehensive enough to account for a wide range of eventualities. Furthermore, a theory guides action toward successful outcomes while generating hope in both the psychotherapist and client that recovery is possible.