خرید و دانلود نسخه کامل کتاب Trading Freedom: How Trade with China Defined Early America – Original PDF

Although citizens of the new republic first encountered the Canton sys- tem near its high tide, it had emerged piecemeal over the early eighteenth century, the result of negotiations between the employees of European East India companies, local Chinese merchants, and Qing imperial officials. Never perfect or complete in execution or design, it functioned flexibly for nearly a century and a half before the conflagration of the First Opium War (1839–42) destroyed it, replacing it with the “Treaty Port” system, named for the treaties that Western powers forced on the Chinese “opening” doz- ens of ports to foreign traders. Although later in life Perkins played a role in destroying the Canton system, when he arrived in 1789 it was still in full operation.