In the last three decades, the global production of lentils has almost tripled due to larger harvest areas but also more importantly from progress in research and productivity. Chapters outline improvements in production, such as water and soil nutrient management, agronomy, mechanization and weed management. Developments in genetics and breeding are discussed alongside improved knowledge of the lentil’s origin, domestication, morphology and adaptation. The implementation and impact of this new research at the farm level is also addressed as well as the crop’s post-harvest processing and nutritional value.